The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants.
)[46] NPers maneš "human habitude" OIr ben (mná) "woman, wife" < *gʷén-eH₂ (*gʷn-eH₂-s), bé (neut.)
ramo "shoulder" Luwian īssaris "hand" NPers par "feather" Past ğwā "cow" ?Pal kuwa(w)- "bull"[ap] pasti "to herd, pasture" Past spay "dog" swine (< OE swīn) NPers ordak "duck" OIr elit "doe"[143] B ylaṃśke "young gazelle"[145]
*(s)mer- "to remember, care for, be concerned, fall into thinking" [238] [239] [199] [240] mammer "to hesitate; to mumble, stammer from hesitation" (< OE māmrian, māmorian "to think through, deliberate, plan out"); mimmer "to dote, dream" (< OE mymerian "to keep in mind"); mourn (< OE murnan); OE mimor "mindful" memor "mindful, remembering"[ba]⇒ [note 62]; mora "delay, any duration of time" ⇒ [note 63] mérmeros "baneful, mischievous; captious, fastidious"; mérimna "care, thought; anxious mind"; mártus, márturos "witness" ⇒ [note 64] smárati "(s/he) remembers, recollects" mariti(< SE "to care about something/someone")
*teh₂- "to melt, thaw; flow" [265] [266] [267] thaw (< OE þawian); thone "damp, moist, wet" (< OE þan) tābēs "decay, foulness; fluid from a wound"; tābeō "I melt; rot"; tābum "gore; viscous fluid" tîphos "pond, swamp"; tḗkō "melt" tāmara "water"; toyam "water"; toś-, tośate "drip, distill, trickle"; tuṣāra "rain, mist, tickle, drizzle, wet" tajati "melt" zot “god”
*dʰegʷʰ- "to burn; warm, hot" [287] [288] [267] [289] foveō "I warm, keep warm; nurture, foster"; fōmentum "a warm application; lotion"; ⇒ [note 79] fōmes "kindling, tinder" febris "fever"; ⇒ [note 80] februum, februarius "expiatory offerings, means of purification"; ⇒ [note 81][bm] téphrā "ashes" dáhati "it burns"; dagdhá- "burned, burnt" žešti (žeg-) "to burn"; žigŭ "burn mark, brand" Lith dė̃gis "burn scar" djeg "burn" *lew- "dirt, mud" [294][295][276] lutum "dirt, clay, mud"; polluō "I soil, defile, foul" ⇒ [note 82] lûma "dirt, filth, smut; disgrace" Lith liutýnas "loam pit" OIr loth "mud" lym "mud" *sámh₂dʰos "sand" [276] sand (< OE sand) sabulō, sabulum "sand, gravel" psámathos "sand, grains of sand" *dʰol- "valley, vault; curve, hollow" [302][303][272] dale (< OE dæl) thólos "vault" dolŭ "valley; depression" edhe “and” (< ênde) pa “without” bythë "bottom" *bʰerǵʰ-"great, tall; hill, elevation"; *bʰérǵʰonts "high, mighty" [309][310][272][311][312] borough, borough, Brough, bur-, burg, burgh, bury, -bury (< OE burg, burh "city, town, fortification"); barrow (< OE beorg) fortis "strong, powerful; firm" ⇒ [note 83]; LL Burgundia "Burgundy"; Fr Bourgogne bṛhát, bṛhánt- "tall, elevated";[313] bráhman "lit.
growth, expansion, development > outpouring of the heart > prayer, sacred word, mantra"; brahmán "worshiper";[314][315] barháyati "to invigorate" brěgŭ "hill, slope; bank, shore" *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm "white metal (silver)"[326]
nyně "now"; nŭ "but" Lith nū, nù "now"; nũn "now, today"; nūnaĩ "now, today, nowadays" nu "when"; ni "now"; OIr gam "winter", gem-adaig "winter night"; OW gaem "winter" OIr sam "summer"; OW ham, OBret ham "summer" On numerals: On nature and the passage of time: On animals: On kinship and family: On agriculture and produce: On colors: On verbs related to action and motion: On bodily functions: