Indolizidine alkaloids

[1] Indolizidine alkaloids are present in various plant families, including Elaeocarpaceae, Asclepiadaceae, and are also produced as metabolites by fungi and bacteria.

[2] For instance, Slaframine and swainsonine were identified in the fungus Rhizoctonia leguminicola,[3] while Castanospermine was extracted from Castanospermum australe.

[2] Notably, this alkaloid group includes pumiliotoxins, which are the toxins of the strawberry poison-dart frog.

Castanospermine also exhibits anti-cancer and anti-HIV properties,[2] while Slaframine acts as a parasympathomimetic agent.

However, their natural availability through frog skin extraction is severely limited due to species protection measures.