[48][49][50][51] making it a multicultural archipelagic country with a diversity of languages, culture and religious beliefs.

Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since the 1967,[55] for the decade ending in 2020, Indonesia's population growth was 1.1 percent.

[56] The family planning already revitalised based on the 1967 program to avoid Indonesia becoming the world's third most populous country.

It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies.

The other major islands of Indonesia are Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and New Guinea, which are home to the other 49 percent of Indonesian population.

The classification of ethnic groups in Indonesia is not rigid and in some cases unclear due to migrations, cultural and linguistic influences; for example, some may consider Osing people and Cirebonese to be members of Javanese people, however, some others argue that they are different ethnic groups altogether since they have their own distinct dialects.

It is a standardized variety of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries.

There are several languages and several distinct but related literary traditions within the geographical boundaries of the modern nation of Indonesia.

[69] However, the government recognises only six official religions (Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism).

[82] Indonesia's political leadership has played an important role in the relations between groups, both positively and negatively, promoting mutual respect by affirming Pancasila but also promoting a Transmigration Program, which has caused a number of conflicts in the eastern region of the country.

[85] It is diverse, in part because Indonesia is composed of approximately 6,000 populated islands of the total 17,000 in the world's largest archipelago,[86] with more than 600 ethnic groups.

Indonesian architecture reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole.

Invaders, colonizers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a profound effect on building styles and techniques.

However, Chinese, Arab, and European influences have also played significant roles in shaping Indonesian architecture.