Also, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) activates the calcium-activated potassium channel (KCa3.1) which could be involved the detrimental effects of renal fibrosis.
[citation needed] Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) targets JAK 1 and 2, the human tyrosine kinase protein required for signaling in multiple cytokines.
[12] With such a strong inflammatory response and an elevated number of immune cells, lungs of cystic fibrosis patients cannot clear the bacteria and become more susceptible to infections.
[13] CFTR-deficient T-helper cells create an inflammatory environment that has high concentrations of TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-13, which contributes to increased contractility of airway smooth muscle.
[citation needed] Atherosclerosis induces a dysfunctional endothelium, which recruits immune cells that form lesions.
[14] Recent studies have shown the ability of exercise to control oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease.
[citation needed] TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 have been found to play a pivotal role in cartilage matrix degradation and bone resorption in osteoarthritis.
[18] Animal studies indicate that inflammatory cytokines may stimulate chondrocytes to release cartilage-degrading protease in osteoarthritis.
This finding does not, however, necessarily translate to Homo sapiens, as osteoarthritis in humans is considered to be more complex than any animal model.
[7] Therapeutic effects of acupuncture may be related to the body's ability to suppress a range of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1B, IL-6, and IL-10.
[22] Estrogen has been shown to promote healing by decrease the production of various proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6,[23] TNF-α,[24] and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF).
"[26] Histone deacetylate inhibitors (HDACi) can suppress proinflammatory cytokine production and reduce GvHD.
[citation needed] Some research also suggest an immunoregulatory effect of vitamin D, which has been shown to reduce the secretion of specific inflammatory cytokines.