In the former instance (directly buying specific cases of wine), it is recommended that inexperienced investors work with a broker, merchant, or a consultant, to minimize risk.
[6] Indeed, complex models and formulae have been applied to tracking investment wine's historical returns.
[11] Investment wines are considered by some to be Veblen goods; that is, demand for them increases instead of decreases as the price rises.
[19] Losses by investors to rogue wine investment firms can be significant, made more acute by the fraudsters willing to re-offend.
Efforts made by regulators to stem losses to rogue investment firms include the closing down of companies in the public interest, and cease and desist orders.