Iroquoian peoples

There is archaeological evidence for Iroquoian peoples in the area around present-day New York state by approximately 500 to 600 CE, and possibly as far back as 4000 BCE.

The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society, but a widely dispersed set of populations connected by a common network of trade routes.

[10] Wright controversially attributed the increase in homogeneity to a "conquest theory", whereby the Pickering culture became dominant over the Glen Meyer and the former became the predecessor of the later Uren and Middleport substages.

[14] In a 1995 article, Dean Snow took a more middling view, supporting the idea of Glen Meyer and Pickering cultures being distinct, but also acknowledging that the "conquest theory" was not generally accepted by archaeologists by that point.

[16] They were historically sedentary farmers who lived in large fortified villages enclosed by palisades thirty feet high as a defence against enemy attack, these settlements were referred to as “towns” by early Europeans and supplemented their diet with additional hunting and gathering activities.