Izumi Province

Under the Engishiki classification system, Izumi was ranked as one of the "inferior countries" (下国) in terms of importance.

According to the Nihon Kiryaku, on 21 April 825, four counties from Settsu Province: Higashinari, Nishinari, Kudara, and Sumiyoshi were incorporated into Izumi Province, but the local residents were opposed to this change, so the area was restored to Settsu on 8 August the same year.

The Engishiki record of 927 AD lists one major and 52 minor Shinto shrines in the province.

Miyoshi rule proved to be short-lived and by the 1560s the clan was in eclipse and Izumi Province had collapsed into a patchwork of local strongmen.

It became a battleground between the forces of Oda Nobunaga and the followers of the Saiga Ikki, local followers of the Ikkō-ikki movement, who sought to overthrow the feudal system and establish a theocratic republic, and later under Toyotomi Hideyoshi was the base for his conquest of Kii Province.

During this period, Sakai was ruled by a councilor oligarchs, and became very rich on trade with China and the Europeans.

The border was changed from roads of Ōshōji and Nagao Kaidō in Sakai to the Yamato River.