[5] According to Neil R. Davison, the sermons in Chapter III of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man are modeled on those given by Cullen during a retreat held in 1897.
[5] In November 1887, Cullen was appointed director for Ireland of the Apostleship of Prayer, to spread devotion to the Sacred Heart.
[6] In February 1892, Cullen travelled to the Cape Colony of South Africa and kept a lengthy diary with a view to future articles in The Messenger.
[3] An extremely devout, if rather gloomy, man, he was a good organiser, who worked with great energy over many years to perfect the institution he had created.
He focused his efforts on the Pioneer League and built St Francis Xavier's Hall, where he organised drama societies, Irish language classes, debates and other activities to enrich the lives of the people.