James Normington Rawling

After serving on the Western Front during World War I he became an ardent pacifist, and later became known for his association with, and expulsion from, the Communist Party of Australia (CPA), as well as his research and broader literary activities.

He began to write pamphlets espousing socialist values and politics, as well as editing a number of "radical" magazines.

After his expulsion Rawling maintained close relationships with dissident communists, and wrote a number of articles attacking the CPA.

[7][8] Rawling returned to teaching during World War II, and was awarded a Master of Arts (MA) degree from the University of Sydney in 1946.

[1] From 1962–63 Rawling held a position as a visiting fellow at the Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, during which time he worked on the manuscript of a history of the CPA.