Jiaozhou (region)

Under the Han, the area included Liangguang and northern Vietnam but Guangdong was later separated to form the province of Guangzhou by Sun Quan following the death of Shi Xie and lasted until the creation of the Annan Protectorate in 679.

In 111 BC, the armies of Emperor Wu conquered the rebel state of Nanyue and organized the area as the circuit (部 bù) of Jiaozhi, under the rule of a cishi (zh:刺史 (cìshǐ) vi:thứ sử).

[1] In 203 CE, Jiaozhi circuit (交趾部 Jiāozhǐ bù) was raised to a zhou or province, under the name Jiaozhou (交州 Jiāozhōu).

[3] In 248, Lâm Ấp forces invaded from the south, seized most of Rinan, and marched on into Jiuzhen, provoking major uprisings there and in Jiaozhi.

[5] In the early period of Jin dynasty, the imperial court favored the southern trade networks with prosperity kingdoms of Funan and Lâm Ấp.

In 545, Chen Baxian led the Liang army attack Jiaozhou, forced Lý Bôn fled west into the mountains above the Red River, where he was killed by Lao highlanders in 548.

[14] This caused the Sui court called general Liu Fang to command 27,000 troops attacked Lý Phật Tử from Yunnan in 602.

At Đỗ Long Pass, on the watershed between the Hsi and Chảy Rivers, Fang met two thousand of Phật Tử's men.

Brushing aside this unsuspecting frontier garrison, Fang descended the Chay River and penetrated into the heart of Phật Tử's realm.

Unprepared to resist an assault from such an unexpected quarter, Phật Tử heeded Fang's admonition to surrender and was sent to the Sui capital at Chang'an.