John Caldwell (c. 1817 – 14 April 1884) was an Irish-born Australian politician.
He was born at Drumrawn in County Tyrone to farmer Charles Caldwell.
He worked as a shop assistant, and in 1841 married Jane Love, with whom he had five children.
In 1841 he migrated to New South Wales and worked as a draper before establishing his own business on Pitt Street.
In 1860 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for East Sydney, serving until his resignation was forced by bankruptcy in 1866.