Bishop was born in Charles Town, West Virginia, to a family from New England, and attended school in Hagerstown, Maryland and Mercersburg Academy.
He entered Princeton University in 1913, at age 21, where he became friends with Edmund Wilson and F. Scott Fitzgerald and was the editor of the Nassau Literary Magazine.
In 1922 he married Margaret Hutchins, and they soon moved to France, where they lived until 1933, interrupted by a stint for Paramount Pictures in New York (1925–26).
[3] In 1933 Bishop's family returned to the United States, residing first in Connecticut, then New Orleans, and finally in a house on Cape Cod.
In 1941-2 he served as publications director in the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, and was then invited to be resident fellow at the Library of Congress.