John Robertson Henderson CIE FRSE FZS FLS (21 May 1863 – 26 October 1925) was a Scottish zoologist who specialized in the taxonomy of marine crustaceans, particularly the decapods, and worked on specimens collected by the oceanic research vessels Investigator and Challenger.

Henderson was awarded the Dobbie-Smith Gold Medal in Botany in 1883[2] and graduated MB ChB in 1884.

Additional duties included being in charge of the Government Museum , the principal librarian at the Connemara Public Library and as Keeper of the Madras Aquarium.

In 1896 he worked on the Paguridae (hermit crabs) obtained by the Royal Indian Marine Survey ship Investigator.

[3] He died in Edinburgh on 26 October 1925 at a nursing home from a malignant liver tumour.