Slater was born in England in 1776 and received an education from Thomas Jackson, also his older brother's teacher, and then became a millwright's apprentice.
Slater gained technical mill information in Manchester and Oldham, England to use in America.
He eventually formed a partnership with the Providence firm of Almy and Brown, purchased land in what is now Slatersville, Rhode Island (then was the northern wilderness of Smithfield, Rhode Island) and began construction of a textile mill.
By 1807, the village included the Slatersville Mill, the largest and most modern industrial building of its day, two houses for workers, the owner's house and the company store.
The Slaters also donated a meeting house for Slatersville Congregational Church, which they attended.