After graduation in Weilburg in 1844, Weyland studied at the Catholic Theological Department of the University of Giessen, and finished his studies at the priests' seminary in Limburg an der Lahn.
After a few years in Lorch, he became parson (1862) and later dean (1863) of Wiesbaden.
In 1882 he was appointed prelate by Pope Leo XIII.
On 5 January 1887, the Fulda chapter elected him to succeed bishop Georg von Kopp, who had been appointed Prince-bishop of Breslau (1887–1914).
He was ordained on 25 January 1888 by the archbishop of Freiburg im Breisgau, Christian Roos (1826–1894).