The Joy programming language in computer science is a purely functional programming language that was produced by Manfred von Thun of La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia.
It was inspired by the function-level programming style of John Backus's FP.
[1] It has turned out to have many similarities to Forth, due not to design but to an independent evolution and convergence.
[citation needed] Functions in Joy lack formal parameters.
For instance, the numeral '5' does not represent an integer constant, but instead a short program that pushes the number 5 onto the stack.