The constitutional rules stem from express or implicit powers and limitations given to the federal courts under Article III.
Implicitly, this requires that the dispute be one of a nature commonly viewed as capable of having a court act upon it in a specific and conclusive manner.
The concepts undergirding the constitutional factors for justiciability and standing generally serve to support the court-created prudential rules.
[9] Federal courts' decisions on mootness, advisory opinions, and related matters may be considered and even found persuasive, depending on the state's laws, but are not controlling.
[10] Under the "ministerial exception" based on the First Amendment, courts decline to hear defamation, employment and other actions founded on statements or beliefs that necessarily implicate the truth or falsity of religious doctrine.