[6] The 1980 reauthorization legislation added the "valid court order" exception to the DSO requirement and also enacted the jail removal requirement,[5] in response to research on the negative outcomes for youth incarcerated in adult facilities, including high suicide rates; frequent physical, mental, and sexual assault by adult inmates and staff; inadequate educational, recreation, and vocational programming; negative labeling and self-images; and contact with serious offenders or mentally disturbed inmates.

[11][13][15] After the authorization expired, Congress continued to make appropriations for particular JJDPA grants and activities, but only on a sporadic basis.

[1] addition to reauthorizing core parts of the existing JJDPA, the 2018 bill made several significant changes to juvenile justice law.

"[2] A separate criminal justice bill, the FIRST STEP Act, was signed into law the same day; that Act significantly restricts the use of solitary confinement on youth detained in federal facilities, but does not apply to state facilities.

[18] Specifically, eligible states—those that comply with the Act's terms, "establish plans for the administration of juvenile justice in their states and agree to submit annual reports to OJJDP concerning their progress in implementing the plans"—are allocated annual formula grants based on a formula determined by the state's proportion of juveniles (persons under age 18).