The archaeological findings and historical records from this period are scarce, and the exact location of kingdom's capital is unknown.

[3] Azyumardi Azra, an Indonesian culture expert, accepted this Arab theory regarding the earliest contact of Islam in Java, although he also noted that the spread of Islam during queen Shima and Mu'awiyah era were not as vigorous as the later era in 15th AD century.

[4] The denomination of Arab theory which introduced by Hamka were supported by researcher who linked the founding of Islamic tomb in Barus, Sumatra island which traced in 7th AD century, thus establishing the theory regarding the existence of trade route between Kalingga kingdom, Srivijaya empire, and Umayyad caliphate.

In book 222 of the New history of the T’ang dynasty, it is stated that: Ka-ling (訶陵) is also called Djava (阇婆), it is situated in the southern ocean, at the east of Sumatra and at the west of Bali.

[6]: 13 [7]It is stated that the king lives in a town called Djava, Djapa, or Djapo (闍婆 Shépó).

[11][12][13] According to Reuben Levy, queen Shima regards Mu'awiyah as king of Ta-cheh (大食君 Dàshí-jūn) in regards of Arab caliphate.

[14] Levy also gave figure that the Mu'awiyah possession of as many as around 5,000 ships in 655, were the reason why the caliphate envoys manage to safely reach Kalingga during queen Shima reign, despite the length of distance between two nations.

[citation needed] Between 742 and 755, the kingdom had moved further east from the Dieng Plateau, presumably in response to the expansion of the Buddhist Sailendra dynasty.

It was discovered on the western slope of Mount Merapi, at Dusun Dakawu, Lebak village, Kecamatan Grabag, Magelang Regency, Central Java, and is written in Pallava script in Sanskrit tells about a clear spring water that is so sacred that adored as the analogue of holy Ganges's source in India.

The inscription tells about a ruler named Dapunta Selendra, the son of Santanu and Bhadrawati, and the husband of Sampula.