Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast (AO) (Russian: Калмыцкая автономная область; Kalmyk: Хальмг Автономн Таңhч, Xaľmg Awtonomn Tañhç) was an autonomy of the Kalmyk people within the Russian SFSR that existed at two separate periods.
Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was re-established again in January 1957, this time as part of Stavropol Krai.
In 1958, it was raised in status, becoming the Kalmyk ASSR, and separated from Stavropol Krai.
According to the 1920 census, 126,256 people lived on the region's territory, including 124,501 rural and 1,655 urban inhabitants.
At the same time, the predominant population was Kalmyks - 84,950 people, Russians, according to the census, numbered 40,034 people, the rest - Ukrainians, Tatars, Kirghiz, and others.