The calpack, kalpak, or qalpaq (Karakalpak: калпак, Turkish: kalpak [kaɫˈpak];[1] Kazakh: қалпақ, Kyrgyz: калпак, both [qɑlˈpɑq]; Bulgarian: калпак [kɐɫˈpak] ⓘ; Greek: καλπάκι (kalpaki);[2] Polish: kołpak [ˈkɔw.pak] ⓘ; Russian: колпак [kɐɫˈpak] ⓘ, kolpak; Ukrainian: ковпак [kɔu̯ˈpak], kovpak) is a Turkic high-crowned cap (usually made of felt or sheepskin) worn by Turks, Bulgarians, Circassians, Dagestanis, Chechens, Ukrainians, Poles, Russians and throughout Central Asia and the Caucasus.
In the Turkic cultures of central Asia, they have a sharp tapering to resemble a mountain, rather than the cyndrical kalpaks of Turkey.
[3] According to Turkish Turcologist and lexicographer Hasan Eren, it means cap made of leather, fur or fabric.
[4] The word kalpak has passed from Turkish to Bulgarian, Serbian, Greek, Hungarian, Persian, Tajik, French, German, Russian and other Slavic languages.
[4] The oldest informations about Turkic peoples wearing kalpak is found in ancient Chinese sources.