From the 18th century, the Kammergericht gained a reputation as independent authority in notable lawsuits such as the Miller Arnold case or in the trial of Johann Heinrich Schulz.

After the Greater Poland Uprising of 1846, numerous Polish insurgents, among them Ludwik Mierosławski and Karol Libelt, were tried at the Kammergericht, but amnestied by King Frederick William IV during the 1848 revolution.

In 1913, it moved to its present location in a newly erected Neo-Baroque building in the former Botanical Garden, laid out by Johann Sigismund Elsholtz in 1679, which had been relocated to the Dahlem and Lichterfelde in 1898.

The premises in the present-day Schöneberg district were renamed Heinrich-von-Kleist-Park on the occasion of the hundredths anniversary of the death of Heinrich von Kleist on 21 November 1911.

In August 1944 the Kleistpark building was the site of the show trial conducted by the People's Court (Volksgerichtshof) under Judge Roland Freisler against the surviving conspirators of the 20 July plot.