Karakhan Manifesto

"[4] Six months later, Karakhan personally handed the Chinese a second version of the manifesto, one that did not include this remarkable offer.

The Soviets may have hoped the offer of the railway would generate an enthusiastic response in Beijing, leading to a Sino-Soviet alliance against Japan.

[2] In any event, traditional Russian interests and rights in China, including control of the Chinese Eastern Railway, were reaffirmed in a series of secret agreements made in 1924–1925.

The Qing who were preoccupied with other possible invasions (Britain, France) was in an indefensible position (with its army far away) and thus, conceded the land, signing the Treaty of Aigun on May 28, 1858.

[11] The Karakhan Manifestos of July 25, 1919 and September 27, 1920 offer to return to China "everything that was taken by the Tsarist government independently or together with the Japanese and the Allies (p.

The Soviet Government returns to the Chinese people without compensation of any kind the Chinese Eastern Railway and all mining concessions, forestry, and gold mines which were seized from them by the government of the Tsars...The second Karakhan Manifesto was written one year, two months later in September 27, 1920.

It read: The Government of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republics declares as void all the treaties concluded by the former Government of Russia with China, renounces all the annexations of Chinese territory, all the concessions in China, and returns to China free of charge, and forever, all that was ravenously taken from her by the Tsar's Government and by the Russian bourgeoisieHowever, Karakhan was the Soviet People's Deputy Minister (also called Commissar) of Foreign Affairs.

The current Russian Federation does not see them as valid and for good reason, it's territory they have held for over 150 years regardless of the documents.

China did however redraw its map of the Russian Far East in February 2023 calling Vladivostok, "Haishenwai" and Khabarovsk, "Boli.

Nevertheless, two American historians, Bruce A. Elleman and Jon K. Chang, believe that the Karakhan Manifestos are valid and still extant, as unilateral, legally binding declarations.

[15] Furthermore, Elleman's Diplomacy and Deception provides an additional document, a secret protocol signed by Lev Karakhan, the Soviet deputy minister of Foreign Affairs and C.T.

The decision to accept or annul the Karakhan Manifestos would depend on future conferences and negotiations (pp. 100–102).

[17] The next day, Sept. 3, 2024, TASS, the Russian state-run news agency issued an article entitled "Russia, China officially confirm renunciation of territorial claims, diplomat says."

[18] Radchenko's earlier statements about the validity of China recovering its "lost territories" mirrors that of TASS.