Schönburg was born in Dresden-Neustadt in the Electorate of Saxony on 11 November 1804.
He was the eldest son of Count Wilhelm Albrecht Heinrich von Schönburg-Forderglauchau (1762–1815) and Countess Anna Albertine Leopoldine Wilhelmine von Wartensleben (1775–1826).
His younger brother was Ernst Ferdinand Heinrich von Schönburg-Forderglauchau.
[3] In 1824, he was married to the Countess Christiane Mary Emilie von Jenison-Walworth (1806–1880), a daughter of Count Franz von Jenison-Walworth and, his second wife, the former Mary Beauclerk (a daughter of Topham Beauclerk, who was himself a great-grandson of King Charles II, and Lady Diana Spencer, a daughter of the 3rd Duke of Marlborough).
[6] Through his daughter Olga, he was a grandfather of Prince Ludwig of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg,[8] who married Lady Anne Savile, daughter of John Savile, 4th Earl of Mexborough.