Kashida

The analog in European (Latin-based) typography (expanding or contracting letters to improve spacing) is sometimes called expansion, and falls within microtypography.

In addition to letter spacing and justification, calligraphers also use kasheeda for emphasis and as book or chapter titles.

In modern Arabic mathematical notation, kasheeda appears in some operation symbols that must stretch to accommodate associated contents above or below.

Furthermore, experts recommend kasheeda only between certain combinations of letters (typically those that cannot form a ligature).

[3] The branding of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar applies kasheeda to Latin script, connecting the bottom of the "t" and the second "a" in the host country's name.