[4] Also, in 2002, both countries signed a bilateral investment treaty to encourage foreign trade.

[5] In 2014, Astanaplein (Astana Square) was announced in Rotterdam, after Nursultan Nazarbayev visited the Netherlands, which opened in 2015.

[6] When Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte visited Kazakhstan in May 2024, he took part in the opening ceremony of Amsterdam Square, in Astana.

[5] In March 2014, Nursultan Nazarbayev visited the Netherlands, to participate in the 3rd Nuclear Security Summit.

[12] He visited the city again in 2024, to discuss expanding ties in areas like agriculture, renewable energy, and water management.