During the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929, the Kharkov Governorate was abolished in 1925 leaving its five okruhas: Okhtyrka (originally Bohodukhiv), Izium, Kupiansk, Sumy, and Kharkiv.

By late August, about one third of the territory of Kharkiv Oblast was occupied including Izium and Kupiansk.

In July 2022, the Donetsk People's Republic signed a memorandum to "liberate Kharkiv from Ukraine".

[9] On 11 September, Russia had retreated from many of the settlements it previously occupied in the oblast [10] and the Russian Ministry of Defense announced a formal withdrawal of Russian forces from most of Kharkiv Oblast stating that an "operation to curtail and transfer troops" was underway.

"[11][12] By 12 September 2022, as the Russian front lines in Kharkiv Oblast continued to collapse, Ukrainian forces had managed to push back to the northeastern border with Russia in some areas of the region.

The Kharkiv oblast has a primarily industrial economy, including engineering, metallurgy, manufacturing, production of chemicals and food processing.

At the end of 2020, the operational life of the salivary lines of the gas station on the territory of the Kharkiv region was 1520 km.

On highways of national importance in the region there are 242 bridges with a total length of 1316.3 linear meters.

m.[25] Kharkiv airport serves domestic and international airlines, mainly engaged in passenger transportation.

[30] At the end of 2020, there were 39 institutions of professional (vocational and technical) education in the region, in which 13,700 people studied.

At the beginning of the 2020/21 academic year, there were 55 institutions of higher education in the region, and 124,200 people studied in them.

In 2020, higher education institutions of the region accepted 29,800 people to study, and graduated 44,000 specialists.

More than 19,000 scientific, scientific-pedagogical and pedagogical workers worked in institutions of higher and professional pre-higher education.