Lava delta

The lava cools and breaks up as it encounters the water, with the resulting fragments filling in the adjacent seabed topography such that the flow can move further offshore sub-aerially.

Lava deltas are found mainly associated with volcanic islands, particularly those formed at hotspots as they produce the necessary effusive basaltic flows.

A lava bench is a volcanic landform with a horizontal surface raised above the level of the surrounding area.

Eventually, when the material beneath the lava bench stabilizes, it becomes stable land that has been added to the island.

[8] If a newly formed lava bench rests on sediments, it may pose hazards due to its extremely unstable structure.