Letizia Bonaparte

Following her husband's death in 1785, she moved to mainland France, where her son Napoleon would later rise to prominence during the French Revolution.

After the end of the Empire, she spent her later years in seclusion in Rome, under the protection of Pope Pius VII, until her death in February 1836.

[6] Letizia received her education at home, primarily focused on domestic skills, as was typical for Corsican women of that era.

[7] At the age of six, following her father's death, her mother married Franz Fesch, a Swiss officer in the Genoese navy in Ajaccio in 1757.

Carlo, initially studying law at University of Pisa, chose to forgo completing his degree and instead married Letizia.

[3] During this period, Letizia became pregnant again, eventually giving birth to Joseph, originally named Giuseppe, on 7 January 1768.

[5] In 1768, when Genoa formally ceded the island to France, a Corsican guerrilla movement led by Paoli rose in revolt against the Genoese Republic.

[9] On the feast of the Assumption, 15 August 1769, while attending Mass at Ajaccio Cathedral, a minute's walk from Casa Buonaparte, Letizia went into labor.

[5] For the first time, Letizia faced difficulties producing milk, leading her to hire a wet nurse named Camilla Llati as a surrogate mother.

[11] Letizia retained only one servant, a woman named Mammuccia Caterina, who lived with the family without wages and served as the midwife during Napoleon's birth.

Two years later, he graduated as a second lieutenant and joined the 4th artillery regiment of la Fère based in Valence[clarification needed].

[17] The family financial situation worsened, and Letizia had four children dependent on her as well as school fees to pay for Jérôme and Joseph.

[19] In the Spring of 1794, after winning his first major battle as artillery commander during the siege of Toulon, Napoleon became General de Brigade.

[22] On 1 June 1797, after Napoleon's triumphant First Italian Campaign, she visited him in Milan with Caroline and Jérôme, then moved back to Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, which had been rebuilt, renovated and redecorated for the occasion.

[27] On the evening of 10 November 1799, while she was with her daughters at the Theatre, the play was interrupted and it was announced that an attack against Napoleon had just been foiled, but she famously kept her composure and only left at the end of the performance.

[26] When her son Lucien clandestinely married Alexandrine de Bleschamp, known as Madame Jouberthon, against Napoleon's wishes, the brothers fell out.

[29] On 19 December 1804, Letizia left Rome and took up residence at the Hôtel de Brienne, 92 rue Saint Dominique in Paris, a house that she purchased from Lucien for 600,000 francs.

[34] Letizia's great wealth acquired from selling her own jewellery and shrewd investments allowed her to live comfortably for the rest of her life.

Coat of arms of Letizia Ramolino
Carlo Bonaparte and his wife, Letizia Ramolino
Portrait of Maria Letizia Bonaparte by Joseph Karl Stieler , 1811.
Deathbed portrait of Maria Letizia Bonaparte.