More analysis produce more elaborate and stronger memory than lower levels of processing.
A stimulus will have a higher recall value if it is highly compatible with preexisting semantic structures (Craik, 1972).
[5] Specificity of processing describes the increased recall value of a stimulus when presented in the method with which it was inputted.
The self-reference effect describes the greater recall capacity for a particular stimulus if it is related semantically to the subject.
Damage to the hippocampus produces an inability to form or retrieve new long-term memories, but the ability to maintain and reproduce a small subset of information over the short term is typically preserved.
However, there is significant room for the modifiers mentioned earlier to affect levels-of-processing to be activated within each sensory mode.
Visual input creates the strongest recall value of all senses, and also allows the widest spectrum of levels-of-processing modifiers.
[16] Auditory stimuli follow conventional levels-of-processing rules, although are somewhat weaker in general recall value when compared with vision.
Experiments suggest that levels-of-processing on the auditory level is directly correlated with neural activation.
Subjects had more trouble identifying size difference in visual fields than using tactile feedback.
[20] Levels-of-processing effects have been found within odor memory if subjects are asked to "visualize" smells and associate them with a particular picture.
[22] The self-reference effect also has neural correlates with a region of the medial prefrontal cortex, which was activated in an experiment where subjects analyzed the relevance of data to themselves.
Several studies show that, in older individuals, the ability to process semantically in contrast with non-semantically is improved by this disparity.
Neural imaging studies show decreased left-prefrontal cortex activity when words and images are presented to older subjects than with younger subjects, but roughly equal activity when assessing semantic connections.
In one study, both implicit (free recall) and explicit (memory of emotional aspects) memorization of word lists were enhanced by threatening meanings in such patients.
[25] Modern studies show an increased effect of levels-of-processing in Alzheimer patients.
In one study, phonological and orthographic processing created higher recall value in word list-recall tests.