This page generally only deals with regions and provinces; cities and other localities and features may appear listed under the individual country, with a link below.
Roman numerals originally identified the regions in order from north to south (except Santiago).
Most modern French départements take their names from local geographical features: usually rivers, occasionally mountain ranges or coasts.
The traditional provinces and regions (of any period) often bear names with richer but more obscure histories.
See List of Indian state and union territory name etymologies.