The Parthian, or Arsacid, monarchs were the rulers of Iran from their victories against the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire in the 140s BC (although they had ruled a smaller kingdom in the region of Parthia for roughly a century at that point, founded by Arsaces I) until the defeat of the last Parthian king, Artabanus IV, at the Battle of Hormozdgan in AD 224.

The rough sequence of Parthian rulers is relatively well-established from surviving literary sources and traditions, especially histories and accounts written by Roman historians, but many uncertainties exist in terms of the details.

[3] The practice of all Parthian kings assuming Arsaces as their regnal name complicates establishing a chronology of rulers.

[3][4] An important foundation in terms of coin studies was David Sellwood's 1971 An Introduction to the Coinage of Parthia, which (through its later editions) remains the primary mainstream basis for determining the sequence of Parthian kings.

[7] Some authors, for instance Ellerbrock (2021),[6] have in their accounts of Parthian chronology chosen to represent both Sellwood's and Assar's reconstructions as equally likely views.