The boundaries of Asia are culturally determined, as there is no clear geographical separation between it and Europe, which together form one continuous landmass called Eurasia.
The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma–Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas.
[1][2] Uyghur Khaganate (744–840)Jushi Kingdom Shule Kingdom (200 BC – 790)Kingdom of Khotan (56–1006)Kingdom of Kucha (111–648)Shanshan Tuyuhun (284–670)Qocho Kingdom (843 – 14th century)Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom (894–1036)Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705) First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934) Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949) Zhangzhung (500 BC – 625 AD) Tibetan Empire (618–842)Xiliangfu (906–1016)Era of Fragmentation (842–1253)Kingdom of Lingtsang (11th century – 1959)Kingdom of Powo (1330–1928)Phagmodrupa dynasty (1354–1618)Kingdom of Derge (15th century – 1956)Kingdom of Chakla (1407–1950)Rinpungpa (1435–1565)Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh (1460–1842)Tsangpa dynasty (1565–1642)Khoshut Khanate (1642–1717)Ganden Phodrang (1642–1959) Kingdom of Middag (17th century) (coalition of Taiwanese indigenous tribes; limited historical records) Dutch Formosa (1624–1662) (first non-indigenous regime on the island of Taiwan) Spanish Formosa (1626–1642) (initially coexisted with Dutch Formosa, then annexed by Dutch Formosa) Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683) (successor to Dutch Formosa; first ethnic-Chinese regime in Taiwan) Qing Taiwan (1683–1895) (dependency of the Chinese Empire; 'Taiwan Prefecture' 1684–1887; 'Taiwan Province' 1887–1895) Republic of Formosa (1895) (proto-state; existed for approximately five months) Japanese Taiwan (1895–1952) (dependency of the Empire of Japan until 1945 de facto) Republic of China (1945–present) (province of the Republic of China, state with limited recognition from 1971) 18th–20th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt, as the New Kingdom of Egypt (1516–1190 BC)25th Dynasty of Egypt, also known as the Nubian Dynasty, Part of the Kingdom of Kush, (715–656 BC)26th Dynasty of Late Period of Ancient Egypt, reunified the country (664–525 BC)First Egyptian Satrapy, part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 27th Dynasty (525–404 BC)28th–30th Dynasties of Late Period of Ancient Egypt (404–343 BC)Second Egyptian Satrapy, part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 31st Dynasty (343–332 BC)Part of the Macedonian Empire (Argead dynasty) (332–323 BC)Ptolemaic Kingdom (332–30 BC)Part of the Nabatean Kingdom (3rd century BC – 106 AD)Province of Egypt (30 BC – 324 AD) (part of the Roman Empire)Province of Egypt (324–641) (part of the Eastern Roman Empire)Province of Egypt (619–629) (part of the Sasanian Empire)Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (641–661)Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–868)Tulunid Emirate of Egypt, the first independent dynasty to rule Egypt since the Ptolemaic dynasty (868–905)Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (868–935)Ikhshidid State of Egypt, Syria and Hejaz, autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate (935–969)Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (969–973)Center of the Fatimid Caliphate, second independent dynasty of Egypt in the Middle Ages (973–1171) Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt and Syria (Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt, after the death of Saladin), third independent dynasty of Egypt in the Middle Ages (1171–1174) Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt (1174–1218) Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt (1218–1250) Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (two independent dynasties: Baḥrī and Burjī dynasties) (1250–1517) Eyalet of Egypt, Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire (1517–1867) (the Muhammad Ali dynasty became the hereditary governors [Wali] of the eyalet in 1805)Occupied by the First French Empire (1798–1801) Khedivate of Egypt, a de jure Ottoman autonomous viceroyalty (the viceroys [khedives] was from the Muhammad Ali dynasty)(Occupied by the British Empire from 1882 to 1922)(1867–1914) Sultanate of Egypt (Muhammad Ali dynasty), part of the British Empire (British protectorate) (1914–1922) Kingdom of Egypt (Muhammad Ali dynasty) (1922–1953) Arab Republic of Egypt (1953–1958) United Arab Republic (In union with Syria) (1958–1966)Sinai Peninsula is part of the State of Israel (1966–1982)Sinai Peninsula is returned to the Arab Republic of Egypt (1982–present) Akkadian Empire (c. 2300 BC)Simurrum Kingdom (2000–1500 BC)Neo-Sumerian Kingdom (c. 2100 BC)Old Kingdom of AssyriaOld Kingdom of Babylonia (c. 1894 BC – 1595 BC)Kassite Empire (c. 1595 – c. 1155 BC)Middle Kingdom of Assyria (1363–912 BC)New Kingdom of Assyria (911–609 BC) New Kingdom of Babylonia (626–539 BC)Part of the Achaemenid Empire (539–330 BC)Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (330–323 BC)Divided in the satraps of Mesopothamia and Babylonia (323–318 BC)Part of the Antigonid Empire (318–310 BC)Part of the Seleucid Empire (310–128 BC)Adiabene (164 BC – 379)Kingdom of Hatra (2nd century – 241)Characene Frequently a vassal state of the Parthian Empire (141 BC – 222 AD) Part of the Sassanid Empire (224–637)Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (637–661)Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)Partially part of the Buyid dynasty (945–1055)Partially part of the Hamdanid dynasty (890–1004)Mazyadid Emirate (961–1160)Uqaylid dynasty(990–1096)Annazid dynasty (990/991–1117)Part of the Seljuk Empire (1055–1194)Partially part of the Zengid dynasty (1127–1250)Partially part of the Ayyubid dynasty (1185–1258)Partially part of the Mongol Empire (1234–1258)Partially part of Ilkhanate (1256–1335)Partially part of the Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432)Partially part of the Artuqids (1335–1394)Part of the Timurid Empire (1370–1507)Partially part of the Qara Qoyunlu (1374–1468)Part of the Aq Qoyunlu (149–1509)Part of the Safavid Empire (1509–1534)Part of the Ottoman Empire (1534–1918) Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom.
The Ilkhanate in the East (1264–1268)Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Ilkhanate in the East (1268–1340)Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Artuqid Beylik in the East (1340–1395)Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Timurid Empire in the East (1395–1405)1405–1510: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Aq Qoyunlu in the East1510–1516: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Safavid Empire in the EastDivided in Rakka Eyalet, Damascus Eyalet, Tripoli Eyalet and Aleppo Eyalet (1534–1864) (Eyalets (States) of the Ottoman Empire)Divided in Aleppo Vilayet, Beirut Vilayet and Syria Vilayet (1864–1917) (Vilayets (Provinces) of the Ottoman Empire) The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian and Hurrian tribes (c. 3500 BC – c. 2550 BC)The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian, Hurrian, Kaskians and Anatolian tribes (c. 2550 BC – c. 2000 BC)The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian, Hittite, Hurrian, Luwian and Anatolian tribes (c. 2000 BC – c. 1600 BC) Kingdom of Hattusa (also called the Hittite Empire) (1650–1190 BC)Assuwa, a confederation (or league) of 22 ancient Anatolian states, was formed some time before 1400 BC, when it was defeated by the Kingdom of Hattusa.
)Beylik of Karaman (1250–1487)Part of the Eastern Roman Empire Byzantine Empire (1261–1453)Part of the Ottoman Empire (officially The Sublime Ottoman State) (1299–1920) (Ottoman Beylik (Principality) from 1299 until 1363, Ottoman Sultanate (Kingdom) from 1363 until 1453, in addition to the temporal power as a sultan, the heads of the House of Osman also had spiritual power as Caliphs of Islam from 1517 to 1924) Ottoman Empire, (1920–1923) occupied by Greece, Italy, France, United Kingdom and Armenia (Treaty of Sèvres) (Republican Turks, led by General Mustafa Kemal Atatürk initiate the Turkish War of Independence to expel foreign occupation troops and at the same time wage a civil war against Turkish monarchists, seen as collaborationists by the republicans).