Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula (1130–37) Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Anglo-Norman Crusaders (1147–50) Location: Middle East and North Africa (Near East, Anatolia, Levant, Egypt) and Iberian Peninsula Kingdom of France Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Castile County of Barcelona Kingdom of León Byzantine Empire Kingdom of England Emirate of Zengids Abbasid Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate Almoravids Location: Iberian Peninsula (1147) Location: Iberian Peninsula Crusaders Location: Iberian Peninsula Kingdom of León Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Middle East (Levant and Anatolia), Mediterranean Europe (Sicily, Iberia, Balkans) Location: Iberian Peninsula Crusaders (1195) Location: Iberian Peninsula Order of Santiago Order of St. Benedict Castilian rebels Location: Iberian Peninsula Kingdom of Castile Kingdom of Navarre Almohad Caliphate Location: Iberian Peninsula Kingdom of Navarre Leonese volunteers French volunteers (1217) Location: Iberian Peninsula Crusaders (1249) Location: Iberian Peninsula (1292–1350) (1292–1350) Location: Mediterranean Sea (Strait of Gibraltar) Kingdom of Castile Kingdom of Portugal Supported by: Kingdom of Navarre Kingdom of France Kingdom of England Republic of Genoa Emirate of Granada Location: Iberian Peninsula Crown of Aragon (1336–39) Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula (1342)[3] Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Navarre Republic of Genoa European crusaders Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: North Africa (Morocco) (1419) Location: North Africa (Morocco) (1431–69) Location: Iberian Peninsula Kingdom of Portugal Supported by: Andrade, Lemos and Moscoso families Location: North Africa (Morocco) Location: North Africa (Morocco) (1462–72) Location: Iberian Peninsula Crown of Castile Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of France Location: North Africa (Morocco) Location: North Africa (Morocco) Location: North Africa (Morocco) (1471) Location: North Africa (Morocco) Location: Iberian Peninsula Location: North Africa Crown of Castile (Juana Supporters) (1478) Location: Gulf of Guinea Location: Italian Peninsula Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Hungary Papal States (1487) Location: North Africa (Morocco) (1489) Location: North Africa (Morocco) Location: North Africa (Morocco) Kingdom of Cochin Kingdom of Cannanore (until 1507) Kingdom of Kollam Kingdom of Tanur (1504 on) Vassal Malabari states (up to 1504) Supported by: Mamluk Egypt Republic of Venice Arab privateers Start of Portuguese presence in Asia, Portuguese India and Malabarese–Portuguese conflicts.
Location: North Africa (modern Algeria) (1501) Location: Asia, Indian subcontinent (1502) Location: North Africa (Morocco) Location: Indian subcontinent Arab privateers (1504) Location: Indian subcontinent Location: Indian subcontinent Vassal Malabari states Location: East Africa (modern Kenya) Location: Asia, Indian Ocean Supported by Republic of Venice Ottoman Empire Location: Indian subcontinent (1507) Location: East Africa (modern Somalia) Location: East Africa (modern Somalia) (1507) Location: Socotra (between Guardafui Channel and Arabian Sea) Location: Asia, Persian Gulf (Hormuz Island) Location: Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean (modern Iran) Supported by: Spanish Empire (since 1580) Omani Empire Supported by: Location: Indian subcontinent Kingdom of Calicut (1508) Location: Indian subcontinent (1508–1573) Location: Indian subcontinent (Gujarat) Supported by: Kingdom of Calicut Mamluk Sultanate (until 1517) Ottoman Empire (since 1517) (1508–1509) Location: North Africa Location: Southeast Asia, Malay Peninsula, Straits of Malacca (modern Malaysia, Singapore and western Indonesia) Supported by: Sultanate of Perak Sultanate of Kedah Supported by: Location: Indian subcontinent Location: Malacca City (modern Malaysia) (1513) Location: Arabian Peninsula (modern Yemen) Location: North Africa (Morocco) (1514) Location: North Africa (Morocco) Location: North Africa (Morocco) Supported by: Saadi Sultanate Wattasid dynasty Location: North Africa (Morocco) Supported by Abda Doukkala Location: North Africa (Morocco) Location: Indian subcontinent (1517) Location: East Africa (modern Somaliland) (1518–1658) Location: Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka Kingdom of Kotte Kingdom of Kandy Principality of Raigama Kingdom of Jaffna Supported by: Zamorin of Calicut Kingdom of Tanjore Vanni chieftains Dutch East India Company (From 1638) (1519–1639) Location: Southeast Asia, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula and Strait of Malacca (modern western Indonesia and Peninsular Malaysia) Supported by: Supported by: (1521) Location: Eastern Arabia, Persian Gulf (Bahrain) (1521) Location: China (modern Hong Kong) (1522) Location: China (modern Hong Kong) Location: Arabian Peninsula (modern Yemen) Location: Indian subcontinent Location: Java (modern Indonesia) Sunda Kingdom Banten Sultanate Cirebon Sultanate Location: East Africa (modern Kenya) Supported by: Malindi Kingdom Location: Eastern Arabia, Persian Gulf (Bahrain) Location: East Africa (modern Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea) Location: Mediterranean Sea, North Africa Holy Roman Empire Papal States Kingdom of Portugal Knights of Malta Kingdom of France (until 1534) Hafsid dynasty Kingdom of Kuku Kabyle people Kingdom of Tlemcen Banu Rashid Arab irregulars Kingdom of France (since 1535) Location: Maluku Islands, (modern eastern Indonesia) Location: Arabian Peninsula (modern Yemen) Kathiri Sultanate Location: Indian subcontinent Ottoman Empire Location: South America, Brazil Indian allies Indian allies (1533) Location: Maluku Islands, (modern eastern Indonesia) Portuguese Empire Jailolo Sultanate Spanish Empire Location: South America, Brazil Indian auxiliaries (1536) Location: Maluku Islands, (modern eastern Indonesia) Ternate loyal to Hairun Sultanate of Tidore Sultanate of Bacan Sultanate of Jailolo Kingdom of Vaigama[17] Kingdom of Vaigue[17] Kingdom of Quibibi[17] Kingdom of Mincibo[17] Location: Persian Gulf, Horn of Africa, Red Sea and India Kingdom of Hormuz Ethiopian Empire Adal Sultanate Location: China (Zhejiang) Portuguese pirates (1541) Location: North Africa (Morocco) (1542) Location: East Africa (modern Somalia) Location: China (Zhejiang) Portuguese pirates Location: Southeast Asia (modern Thailand) Supported by: Portuguese Empire Location: China (Zhangzhou) Location: China (Ningbo) Location: China (Taizhou) Location: Arabian Peninsula (modern Yemen) Mahra Sultanate Location: China (Fujian) Portuguese merchants (1553) Location: North Africa, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1554–1567) Location: Brazil (1555–1673) Location: Brazil (1555–1736) Location: Brazil Guaianá people Carijó people (1557–1558) Location: Sri Lanka Kingdom of Kotte Location: South America (mostly Amazon Forest) Location: Indian Ocean Location: Sri Lanka (1561) Location: Asia–Pacific, Japan Portuguese Empire Location: North Africa (Morocco) Location: Asia–Pacific, Japan Location: Philippines Location: Sumatra (modern Indonesia) Location: Indian Ocean, Western India and the Straits of Malacca Co-belligerents: Princely states of the Kanara coast Kalinyamat Sultanate Sultanate of Ternate Sultanate of Tidore Sultanate of Golkonda Mappila Muslims Location: North Africa (Morocco) Moorish Allies Supported by: Ottoman Empire Location: Iberian Peninsula, Azores Location: East Africa, Swahili coast and Indian Ocean Location: Indian subcontinent Location: Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Western Europe, Azores, Canary Islands, Ibero-America.
Location: Balkans Herzeg-Bosnia Croatia United States Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom Location: Balkans Location: Guinea-Bissau Location: East Timor
Supported by: Location: Afghanistan Allied groups Taliban splinter groups 2001 invasion: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan al-Qaeda (2001–2016) Location: Mediterranean Sea Non-NATO: Location: East Timor (2008-) Location: Somalia Non EU: (2009) Location: Somalia Location: Central African Republic MINUSCA (since 2014) Rwanda (since 2020)[56] Russia (since 2018)[56] Wagner Group[57] Black Russians[59] South Africa (2013) (2014–2015) Lord's Resistance Army
Location: Mozambique Rwanda (from 2021)[67] Southern African Development Community (from 2021) Supported by: Russia[74] EUTM-Moz (from 2021) Uganda[70] United States (from 2021)[75][76] Portugal (from 2020)[77][78] United Kingdom[79] Turkey[80] Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[81] Supported by: Organized crime[82] Foreign sympathizers[82]