At University of Warsaw he studied under Józef M. Chomiński and Zofia Lissa and wrote his doctoral thesis on the history of the theory of twelve-tone technique.
2003 he joined the faculty of University of Wrocław, where he became a full professor and chairman of the Department of Musicology (until 2020).
Gołąb is a specialist in the history and theory of music of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Chopin studies and methodology of musicological research.
The last book of Gołąb (Musical Modernism in the Twentieth Century, 2011) is a discussion of approaches to twentieth-century historiography.
From 1996 Gołąb is the Member of Editorial Board of the Musicological Quarterly "Muzyka" (Institute of Fine Arts, Polish Academy of Sciences), from 2018 "The Chopin Review" / "Studia Chopinowskie" (The Fryderyk Chopin Institute, Warsaw).