Madison is a city and former coal town in Boone County, West Virginia, United States.

The town was renamed circa 1865, presumably for James Madison, the fourth president of the United States.

Other theories hold that it was named for lawyer James Madison Laidley or for William Madison Peyton, a pioneer coal operator, who was a leader in the movement which resulted in the formation of Boone County and for whom Peytona on Big Coal River was also named.

[6] The first courthouse at Madison, a log structure, was burned by Union troops early in the Civil War.

The second courthouse, made of local brick, served until 1913, and a frame building was used by county officials for the next several years.

The present Boone County Courthouse, occupied in 1921, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Miners twice rallied at the town ballpark in August 1921, to consider whether to continue their march to neighboring Logan and Mingo counties.

Thousands of armed marchers passed through the town and surrounding region on their way to and from the fighting at Blair Mountain, which is located up Spruce Fork from Madison.

28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.