[2] It existed from the 1880s, when the Dutch established more direct control over the Island, to 1942 when the Japanese invaded the Indies, except for a brief period 1928-31 when it was divided into two smaller residencies (east and west).

[3] The main economic exports of the residency in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were salt and cattle.

[1] In 1915 the population of the residency was estimated to be 1,830,000, most of whom were Madurese people but also including 4,500 Chinese Indonesians, 1,000 Europeans and 2,000 Arabs.

[2] During the period of administrative redistricting after 1925, it was divided in half to two new residencies under Oost-Java province: Oost-Madoera, with its capital at Pamekasan and containing Pamekasan and Sumenep districts, and West-Madoera, with its capital at Bangkalan and containing Bangkalan and Sampang districts.

After the end of World War II, when the Dutch attempted to regain control of the Indies, they turned Madura into one of the provinces of the United States of Indonesia in February 1948.