Usually having little or no immediate financial benefit, such roles can be said to exist for other economic or social-political reasons, for example simply to provide work-experience or maintain a ceremonial function.
[2] Economists like Milton Friedman considered the programs like the CCC and WPA as justified as a temporary response to an emergency.
In many European countries, social welfare systems provide cash transfers to those who are unable to secure employment.
[4] Several make-work jobs that were created in Denmark in 2014 were gardening, cleaning up of beaches and sidewalks, reading to the elderly or disabled, washing toys at day care, working with local bike programs, and counting cars.
[5] Attendants employed at full-serve gasoline stations in New Jersey wherein drivers are not permitted to pump their own gas are often cited as examples of make-work jobs.