Mandelbulb

The Mandelbulb is a three-dimensional fractal, constructed for the first time in 1997 by Jules Ruis and further developed in 2009 by Daniel White and Paul Nylander using spherical coordinates.

A canonical 3-dimensional Mandelbrot set does not exist, since there is no 3-dimensional analogue of the 2-dimensional space of complex numbers.

It is possible to construct Mandelbrot sets in 4 dimensions using quaternions and bicomplex numbers.

White and Nylander's formula for the "nth power" of the vector

in ℝ3 is where The Mandelbulb is then defined as the set of those

[1] For n > 3, the result is a 3-dimensional bulb-like structure with fractal surface detail and a number of "lobes" depending on n. Many of their graphic renderings use n = 8.

However, the equations can be simplified into rational polynomials when n is odd.

For example, in the case n = 3, the third power can be simplified into the more elegant form: The Mandelbulb given by the formula above is actually one in a family of fractals given by parameters (p, q) given by Since p and q do not necessarily have to equal n for the identity |vn| = |v|n to hold, more general fractals can be found by setting for functions f and g. Other formula come from identities parametrising the sum of squares to give a power of the sum of squares, such as which we can think of as a way to cube a triplet of numbers so that the modulus is cubed.

This reduces to the complex fractal

Another way to create Mandelbulbs with cubic symmetry is by taking the complex iteration formula

for some integer m and adding terms to make it symmetrical in 3 dimensions but keeping the cross-sections to be the same 2-dimensional fractal.

, this is This can be then extended to three dimensions to give for arbitrary constants A, B, C and D, which give different Mandelbulbs (usually set to 0).

gives a Mandelbulb most similar to the first example, where n = 9.

A more pleasing result for the fifth power is obtained by basing it on the formula

It has 32 small bulbs sprouting from the main sphere.

It is defined by, for example, These formula can be written in a shorter way: and equivalently for the other coordinates.

A perfect spherical formula can be defined as a formula where where f, g and h are nth-power rational trinomials and n is an integer.

6. http://www.fractal.org the Fractal Navigator by Jules Ruis