Mangkubhumi is a term for prime minister which was historically used in kingdoms in Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan during Hindu–Buddhist civilizations in Nusantara.
[1] Elsewhere, Mangkubhumi is also referred to as Rijksbestierder, Bendahara, Pepatih Dalem, Perdipati, Pabbicara Butta, Tuan Bicara, Rajabicara, and Tomarilaleng.
At first, the position of Mangkubhumi was given to lower-class people who were not nobles.
The term mangkubhumi is a term found in Indonesian languages, for example in the manuscript Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian which is in Old Sundanese, there is the following sentence fragment:[2]...wang tani bakti di wado, wado bakti di mantri, mantri bakti di nu nangganan, nu nangganan bakti di mangkubumi, mangkubumi bakti di ratu, ratu bakti di déwata, déwata bakti di hyang...
In Banjarese, Mangkubhumi is referred to as Maharaja Mangkubumi.