In this latter stage, the larvae travel to the midge’s proboscis, where it can subsequently infect another human host upon another blood meal ingestion.

[5] Mansonella streptocerca has reportedly been found in West and Central Africa including Western Uganda, the Uganda-Zaire border, and the Bundibugyo district.

[4] The adult form of M. streptocerca was discovered by Dr. Wayne M Meyers while working as a medical missionary in Africa.

M. streptocerca adults have a unique posterior end that is bent, resembling the shape of a shepherd’s crook.

[4] Take preventative measures by using DEET or other insect repellents to ward off midges when traveling into endemic areas.