The Viareggio–Florence railway (Italian: Ferrovia Viareggio-Firenze) is a line built between 1848 and 1890 connecting the Tuscan cities of Florence, Prato, Pistoia, Lucca and Viareggio.

The young Duke Leopold II was a liberal and interested in developments in technology, so while leaving the initiative to the private sector, favored the birth of the first Italian railways.

In 1845 the memorandum and articles of association for a company to build the Maria Antonia railway from Florence to Prato and Pistoia were published.

It gained much importance in 1864 when, with the opening of the Porrettana railway, the section east of Pistoia became an integral part of the Bologna-Florence main line.

On 17 November 2008 the government approved a plan was to double the section between Lucca and Pistoia, estimated to cost €257 million.