Marine weather forecasting

Weather ships were established by various nations during World War II for forecasting purposes, and were maintained through 1985 to help with transoceanic plane navigation.

In October 1859, the steam clipper Royal Charter was wrecked in a strong storm off Anglesey; 450 people lost their lives.

Due to this loss, Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy introduced a warning service for shipping in February 1861, using telegraph communications.

In 1911, the Met Office had begun issuing marine weather forecasts which included gale and storm warnings via radio transmission for areas around Great Britain.

A January 23, 1873 memo directed the New Orleans Signal Observer to transcribe meteorological data from the ship logs of those arriving in port.

[2] Marine forecasting responsibility transferred from the United States Navy to the Weather Bureau in 1904, which enabled the receipt of timely observations from ships at sea.

[3] The sinking of RMS Titanic in 1912 played a pivotal role in marine weather forecasting globally.

In response to that tragedy, an international commission was formed to determine requirements for safer ocean voyages.

Waves generated by storm winds have the same speed and will group together and travel with each other, while others moving at even a fraction of a metre per second slower will lag behind, ultimately arriving many hours later due to the distance covered.

The other half of the tropical cyclone is called the navigable semicircle[24] since weather conditions are lessened (subtractive) in this portion of the storm.

Ships moving through the navigable semicircle are advised to keep the true wind on the starboard quarter while making as much headway as possible.

It refers to the rounded long-term National Hurricane Center forecast errors of 100-200-300 nautical miles at 24-48-72 hours, respectively.

[28] Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean.

[28] Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean.

They were used during World War II but had no means of defense, which led to the loss of several ships and many lives.

[42] During the 1980s and 1990s, a network of buoys in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean helped study the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.

Satellites can be polar orbiting, covering the entire Earth asynchronously, or geostationary, hovering over the same spot on the equator.

[49] City lights, fires, effects of pollution, auroras, sand and dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents, energy flows, etc., and other types of environmental information are collected using weather satellites.

Other environmental satellites can detect changes in the Earth's vegetation, sea state, ocean color, and ice fields.

Commercial and recreational use of waterways can be limited significantly by wind direction and speed, wave periodicity and heights, tides, and precipitation.

Marine weather warnings and forecasts in print and prognostic chart formats are produced for up five days into the future.

To help shorten the length of the forecast products, single words and phrases are used to describe areas out at sea.

Experimental gridded significant wave height forecasts began being produced by the Ocean Prediction Center in 2006, a first step toward digital marine service for high seas and offshore areas.

Recently, National Weather Service operational extratropical storm surge model output to provide experimental extratropical storm surge guidance for coastal weather forecast offices to assist them in coastal flood warning and forecast operations.

[4] Within the Japan Meteorological Agency, marine observatories are seated in Hakodate, Maizuru, Kobe and Nagasaki.

It is produced by the Met Office and broadcast four times per day by BBC Radio 4 on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency.

OPC pressure forecast valid at 48 hours
Royal Charter .
RMS Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912
Surface temperature in the western North Atlantic , the Gulf Stream is in red
North Pacific storm waves as seen from the NOAA M/V Noble Star , Winter 1989.
The dangerous semicircle is the upper-right corner, with the arrow marking the direction of motion of a Northern Hemisphere storm.
Hurricanes Rita and Philippe shown with 1-2-3 rule predictions.
A wind and wave forecast for the North Atlantic Ocean. Two areas of high waves are identified: One west of the southern tip of Greenland, and the other in the North Sea. Calm seas are forecast for the Gulf of Mexico. Wind barbs show the expected wind strengths and directions at regularly spaced intervals over the North Atlantic.
NOAA Wavewatch III 120-hour wind and wave forecast for the North Atlantic
The weather ship MS Polarfront at sea.
Weather buoy operated by the NOAA National Data Buoy Center
The first image obtained from the GOES 1 satellite, 1975 October 25, 1645 GMT.
The National Weather Service areas of marine weather forecasting responsibility