[3] The town is home to the Southern Vermont Natural History Museum and Potash Hill, the campus that was formerly Marlboro College.

Potash Hill hosts the Marlboro Music School and Festival each summer, as well as other arts and education programs throughout the year.

The French and Indian War prevented settlement, so the first charter was forfeited and a new one issued[4] by Governor Benning Wentworth on September 21, 1761, then again on April 17, 1764, as New Marlborough.

[4] The town's population peaked in 1820 with 1300 people, the subsequent decline caused by immigration to the west and a downturn in the area's economy.

In 1820, it was replaced by a newer structure nearby, and timbers and board from the old church were used in 1822 to build the Town House, which was also located in the vicinity.

The church burned down in 1931 was replaced by the current one, which is roughly a reproduction of its predecessor, except slightly smaller.

[4] In 1946, Marlboro College was founded on the site of three farms[9] by Walter Hendricks, for returning World War II veterans,[10] with poet Robert Frost as its first trustee.

[9] The Marlboro Music School and Festival, founded in 1951, is held each summer on the Potash Hill campus.

Students from kindergarten to eighth grade attend Marlboro School, which replaced a number of one-room schoolhouses in 1954.