Media studies
[2] Former priest and American educator John Culkin was one of the earliest advocates for the implementation of media studies curriculum in schools.
He believed students should be capable of scrutinizing mass media, and valued the application of modern communication techniques within the education system.
Similar to radio and other mass media, electric light eliminates time and space factors in human association, creating deeper involvement.
[8] Time biased media are heavy and difficult to relocate, which keeps their message centralized and thus maintains economic and social control within the hands of a hierarchical authority structure.
From his perspective, the market (which creates a hunt for higher advertising revenue) not only imposes uniformity and banality, but also necessitates a form of invisible censorship.
For example, television producers often "pre-interview" participants in news and public affairs programs to ensure that they will speak in simple, attention-grabbing terms.
When the search for viewers leads to an emphasis on the sensational and the spectacular, people with complex or nuanced views are not allowed a hearing.
[8] How an individual interprets and engages with their surroundings, or their habitus, is defined by the lasting and transferable elements of character which structure their consumer preferences.
[8] Bourdieu explains that, though durable, the habitus is not set in stone; it instead acts as a “strategy-generating principle” allowing individuals to navigate new and unfamiliar situations.
This branch has broadened out substantially since the 1990s, causing a culturally-based media studies (often emphasized more recently through the disciplinary title Medienkulturwissenschaft) in Germany to be developed and established.
Pioneered by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann in the 1940s, this branch studies mass media, its institutions, and its effects on society and individuals.
Accordingly, German media theory combines philosophy, psychoanalysis, history, and scientific studies with media-specific research.
According to the Zeszyty Prasoznawcze, translated to Press Journals in English, one of the "architects" of media studies in Poland is Professor Walery Pisarek.
Hall's main viewpoint was that the mainstream media as a whole served the beliefs of the rich and powerful within society, an idea that was heavily influenced by Karl Marx and Antonio Gramsci in his writings.
[5] Despite the field normally being called mass communication in American circles, many theories within the realm of media studies have evolved from the United States.
Notable figures in the development of the Victorian secondary school curriculum were the long time Rusden College media teacher Peter Greenaway, Trevor Barr (who authored one of the first media text books Reflections of Reality) and later John Murray (who authored The Box in the Corner, In Focus, and 10 Lessons in Film Appreciation).
Victoria also hosts the peak media teaching body known as ATOM which publishes Metro and Screen Education magazines.
Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan are famous Canadian scholars for their contributions to the fields of media ecology and political economy in the 20th century.
More recently, the School of Montreal and its founder James R. Taylor significantly contributed to the field of organizational communication by focusing on the ontological processes of organizations.
Both institutions have produced some of China's brightest broadcasting talents for television, as well as leading journalists at magazines and newspapers.
Numerous French post-secondary institutions offer courses in communications and media studies at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.
[29] Media Studies is a fast growing academic field in India, with several dedicated departments and research institutes.
The Department of Media Sciences was started in January 2002, branching off from the UGC's Educational Multimedia Research Centre (EMMRC).
[30] Media studies in New Zealand is a healthy discipline, mainly due to renewed activity in the country's film industry, and is taught at both secondary and tertiary education institutes.
The Swiss programs study current trends and strategies used by media corporations,[32] while examining their influence and consequences on modern day society.
The key date, according to Andrew Crisell, is 1959: When Joseph Trenaman left the BBC's Further Education Unit to become the first holder of the Granada Research Fellowship in Television at Leeds University.
[37] Broadcast and cable television is no longer the primary form of entertainment, with various screens offering worldwide events and pastimes around the clock.
[40] In 2000, the Department of Media Studies was officially established in 2000 at the University of Virginia; the interdisciplinary major has rapidly grown and doubled in size in 2011.
Until recently, Radford University in Virginia used the title "media studies" for a department that taught practitioner-oriented major concentrations in journalism, advertising, broadcast production, and web design.
(A media studies major at Radford still means someone concentrating on journalism, broadcasting, advertising or Web production.)
