Memnonia includes these topographical regions of Mars: Recently, evidence of water was found in the area.

Layered sedimentary rocks were found in the wall and floor of Columbus Crater.

[3] Many ancient river valleys including Mangala Vallis, have been found in the Memnonia quadrangle.

Mangala appears to have begun with the formation of a graben, a set of faults that may have exposed an aquifer.

Instruments on orbiting spacecraft have detected clay (also called phyllosilicate) in some layers.

Recent research with an orbiting near-infrared spectrometer, which reveals the types of minerals present based on the wavelengths of light they absorb, found evidence of layers of both clay and sulfates in Columbus crater.

[7] Scientists are excited about finding hydrated minerals such as sulfates and clays on Mars because they are usually formed in the presence of water.

[10] Mangala Vallis is a major channel system that contains several basins which filled, then the overflow went through a series of spillways.

[11][12] One source of waters for the system was Memonia Fossae, but water also probably came from a large basin centered at 40 degrees S.[13][14] Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits.

Since the collision that produces a crater is like a powerful explosion, rocks from deep underground are tossed unto the surface.

With the passage of time, surrounding material was eroded away, thereby leaving hard ridges behind.

Yardangs are common in some regions on Mars, especially in what is called the "Medusae Fossae Formation.

[19] Often they begin as a small narrow spot then widen and extend downhill for hundreds of meters.

Research, published in January 2012 in Icarus, found that dark streaks were initiated by airblasts from meteorites traveling at supersonic speeds.

The team of scientists was led by Kaylan Burleigh, an undergraduate at the University of Arizona.

After counting some 65,000 dark streaks around the impact site of a group of five new craters, patterns emerged.

[26][27] Large troughs (long narrow depressions) are called fossae in the geographical language used for Mars.

Magma might move along, under the surface, breaking the rock and more importantly melting ice.

[30] An example of a graben caused by a dike is shown below in the image Memnonia Fossae, as seen by HiRISE.

The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas.

Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers.

On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain.