Cognition
The latter half, gnōscō, itself is a cognate of a Greek verb, gi(g)nósko (γι(γ)νώσκω, 'I know,' or 'perceive').
He placed great importance on ensuring that his studies were based on empirical evidence, that is, scientific information that is gathered through observation and conscientious experimentation.
[7] Two millennia later, the groundwork for modern concepts of cognition was laid during the Enlightenment by thinkers such as John Locke and Dugald Stewart who sought to develop a model of the mind in which ideas were acquired, remembered and manipulated.
[8] During the very early nineteenth century cognitive models were developed both in philosophy—particularly by authors writing about the philosophy of mind—and within medicine, especially by physicians seeking to understand how to cure madness.
In Britain, these models were studied in the academy by scholars such as James Sully at University College London, and they were even used by politicians when considering the national Elementary Education Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict.
With introspection, the subject had to be careful with describing their feelings in the most objective manner possible in order for Wundt to find the information scientific.
[10][11] Though Wundt's contributions are by no means minimal, modern psychologists find his methods to be too subjective and choose to rely on more objective procedures of experimentation to make conclusions about the human cognitive process.
[citation needed] Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909) conducted cognitive studies that mainly examined the function and capacity of human memory.
[13] His work heavily influenced the study of serial position and its effect on memory [citation needed] Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930) was an influential American pioneer in the realm of psychology.
[14] The recency effect, also discussed in the subsequent experiment section, is the tendency for individuals to be able to accurately recollect the final items presented in a sequence of stimuli.
Calkin's theory is closely related to the aforementioned study and conclusion of the memory experiments conducted by Hermann Ebbinghaus.
It encompasses processes such as memory, association, concept formation, pattern recognition, language, attention, perception, action, problem solving, and mental imagery.
[citation needed] Psychologists initially understood cognition governing human action as information processing.
[23] Cognitivism approached cognition as a form of computation, viewing the mind as a machine and consciousness as an executive function.
[19] For years, sociologists and psychologists have conducted studies on cognitive development, i.e. the construction of human thought or mental processes.
His work can be compared to Lev Vygotsky, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson who were also great contributors in the field of developmental psychology.
Fetuses need external help to stimulate their nervous system in choosing the relevant sensory stimulus for grasping the perception of objects.
Initially, Michael Tomasello introduced the psychological construct of Shared intentionality, highlighting its contribution to cognitive development from birth.
Later, Igor Val Danilov developed this notion, expanding it to the intrauterine period and clarifying the neurophysiological processes underlying Shared intentionality.
[33] Recent findings in research on child cognitive development [29][31][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] and advances in inter-brain neuroscience experiments[41][42][43][44][45] have made the above proposition plausible.
[27][31][33] This nonlocal coupling model refers to communication between two organisms through the copying of the adequate ecological dynamics by biological systems indwelling one environmental context, where a naive actor (Fetus) replicates information from an experienced actor (Mother) due to intrinsic processes of these dynamic systems (embodied information) but without interacting through sensory signals.
[27][31][33] The Mother's heartbeats (a low-frequency oscillator) modulate relevant local neuronal networks in specific subsystems of both her and the nervous system of the fetus due to the effect of the interference of the low-frequency oscillator (Mother heartbeats) and already exhibited gamma activity in these neuronal networks (interference in physics is the combination of two or more electromagnetic waveforms to form a resultant wave).
[27][31][33] Therefore, the subliminal perception in a fetus emerges due to Shared intentionality with the mother that stimulates cognition in this organism even before birth.
Evidence derived using optical imaging, molecular-genetic and optogenetic techniques in conjunction with appropriate behavioural analyses continues to offer support for the idea that changing the strength of connections between neurons is one of the major mechanisms by which engrams are stored in the brain.
[46] Two (or more) possible mechanisms of cognition can involve both quantum effects[47] and synchronization of brain structures due to electromagnetic interference.
