Models as Mediators: Perspectives on Natural and Social Science[1] is a multi-author book edited by Mary S. Morgan and Margaret Morrison and published in 1999 by Cambridge University Press.

Hughes, Mauricio Suárez, Geert Reuten, Nancy Cartwright, Adrienne van den Boogard and Stephan Hartmann.

[2] Most of the examples in the book are quite articulated and pertinent to either physics or economics, with one, offered by historian of science Ursula Klein, in Chemistry.

The introduction written by Margaret Morrison and Mary S. Morgan discusses the syntactic versus semantic view of theories and how these consider models.

In Chapter 6 by Ursula Klein chemical formulae as developed by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1813 are presented as 'paper tools' permitting representation and the construction of models.

In discussing for example unemployment statistics: For Stephan Hartmann empirical adequacy and logical consistency are not the only criteria of models acceptance.

[2] Important epistemological questions left open concerns for example why individual models are constructed with the particular degrees of independence from theory and experiment.

[3] The book lays the basis for a research programme for studying models from the point of view of scientific practice providing 'a potential bridge between philosophical theorising and the more practice-oriented approach of STS'.