There is archaeological evidence that Paleolithic people lived in the area that is now Nalgonda, fashioning tools and weapons out of stone.

Some of these implements have been found in the Nalgonda area, similar to those discovered at the Sloan archaeological site in Arkansas.

Traces of Neolithic culture were found at Chota Yelupu, where sling stones and other contemporary objects were excavated.

Evidence of Megalithic culture was also found via the discovery of innumerable burials at various places around Nalgonda.

Starting in the 6th century, the Chalukya dynasty ruled the modern-day Nalgonda region, as well as much of southern and central India.

A major portion of the Nalgonda area appears to have passed from the Chalukyas of Badami to the Rashtrakutas.

When Muhammad bin Tughluq ruled (around 1324–1351), Musunuri chief Kapayanayaka ceded a part of Nalgonda to Ala-ud-din Hasan Bahman Shah of the Bahmani Sultanate.

Nizam-ul-Mulk (Asaf Jah I) defeated Mubasiz Khan at Shaker Khere in Berar and ruled the Deccan autonomously.

Nalgonda has been ranked 2nd best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 3  population under 3 lakhs cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'[11] As of 2011[update] census of India, Nalgonda had a population of 135,744; of which 67,971 are male and 67,773 are female.

[19] Nalgonda contains several religious sites, including Maruthi Mandir and Kolanupaka Temple, a Jain shrine.

[citation needed] As district headquarters, Nalgonda serves as a hub for primary and secondary education for surrounding villages.