The book is one of a series of long essays by respected contemporary Darwinian thinkers, which were published under the collective title Darwinism Today.

[1] In Neanderthals, Bandits and Farmers, Tudge offers an explanation for the beginning of the population explosion and that farming was not suddenly invented 10,000 years ago, but had existed as what he called proto-farming or hobby farming for at least 30,000 years earlier.

What happened 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent was the raising of sea level at the end of the last ice age over a relatively short period of time.

This forced a population who were primarily hunter-gatherers to leave a rich prey region and to move inland.

The new area was less able to support these immigrants as hunter-gatherers, and they were forced to increase their labors to extend their use of farming in order to maintain their population.